Neural electrode treatment

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for applying a signal to a nerve for the treatment of a disorder includes a first electrode and a second electrode. Each of the electrodes is adapted to be secured to a nerve of a patient. A signal generator is electrically connected to each of the first and second electrodes. The signal generator is adapted to create a signal having a first waveform at the first electrode and a second waveform at the second electrode. The waveforms have parameters selected to block propagation of neural action potentials. The waveforms have a repeating pattern of cycles of pulses with a delay period between at least selected ones of said pulses. In one embodiment, the first and second waveforms are out of phase for a cycle of one of the waveforms to occur during a delay period of the other of the waveforms.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application No.11/205,415, filed Aug. 17, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,672,727, whichapplication is incorporated herein by reference.

I. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention pertains to electrodes for nerves and therapeutic signalsto be applied to such electrodes. More particularly, this inventionpertains to such electrodes and signals for placement on the vagus nervefor treatment of obesity.

2. Prior Art

a. Neural Conduction Block

The Assignee of the present application has a number of pending U.S.patent applications pertaining to application of a conduction blocktechnology to a nerve for a treatment of a variety of disorders. Theseapplications include the following (all filed Sep. 29, 2003): U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/674,330, which issued as U.S. Pat. No.7,489,969 (published Sep. 2, 2004 as Publication No. US 2004/0172086A1); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/675,818 (published Sep. 9, 2004as US Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0176812 A1), nowabandoned, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/674,324 (publishedSep. 2, 2004 as US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0172085 A1),now abandoned. These patent applications describe, in a preferredembodiment, the application of neural conduction block therapy to avagus nerve alone or in combination with a stimulation of the nerve.

The conduction block therapy includes application of an electricalsignal with parameters selected to down-regulate vagal activity bycreating conditions in which normal nerve propagation potentials areblocked at the application of the signal on both afferent and efferentnerves fibers of the vagus. A number of different disorders areidentified for treatment through the technique. These disorders includeobesity, pancreatitis and other gastrointestinal disorders such asirritable bowel syndrome and functional disorders.

Electrodes may be placed directly on the vagus (for example as cuffelectrodes) or may be placed on bands surrounding the vagus at theesophagus or placed on an intraluminal device within the esophagus fortransmitting the energy from the device across the tissue of theesophagus to the vagus nerves in the region of the esophagus. Theseembodiments are disclosed with greater particularity in the Assignee'sU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/752,944, which has issued as U.S.Pat. No. 7,167,750, and Ser. No. 10/752,940, which issued as U.S. Pat.No. 7,444,183, both filed Jan. 6, 2004 with respective publication datesof Aug. 26, 2004 and Sep. 2, 2004, Publication Nos. US 2004/0167583 A1and 2004/0172088 A1.

b. Blocking Signal Parameters and Duty Cycle

On Jun. 30, 2004 the Assignee of the present application filed Ser. No.10/881,045 (published Feb. 17, 2005 as Publication No. US 2005/0038484Al), which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,844,338, noting that a duty cycleof electrical impulses to the nerve to block neural conduction on thenerve can be adjusted between periods of blocking and no blocking inorder to vary the amount of down regulation of the vagus nerve as wellas preventing accommodation by the enteric nervous system.

On Jan. 21, 2005 the Assignee filed Ser. No. 11/040,767, which issued asU.S. Pat. No. 7,613,515, describing with greater particularityparameters for controlling block and to avoid accommodation. Thatapplication notes that a representative blocking signal is preferablygreater than 500 Hz and that such conduction block is preferably withinthe parameters disclosed in Solomonow, et al. “control of musclecontractile force through indirect high-frequency stimulation”, AmericanJournal of Physical Medicine, Volume 62, No. 2, pages 71-82 (1983).Particularly, the nerve conduction block is applied with electricalsignals selected to block the entire cross-section of the nerve (forexample, both afferent, efferent, myelinated and non-myelinated fibers)at the site of applying the blocking signal (as opposed to selectedsub-groups of nerve fibers or just afferent and not efferent or viceversa).

Preferably, the frequency of the blocking signal is selected to exceed a200 Hz threshold frequency described in Solomonow, et al. More preferredparameters are a frequency in excess of 500 Hz (with other parameters asnon-limiting examples, being an amplitude of 1-8 mA, pulse width of 100microseconds, and a duty cycle of 5 minutes on and 5 minutes off. A morepreferred blocking signal has a frequency of 3,000 Hz to 5,000 Hz orgreater applied by either by bi-polar or mono-polar electrodes. Such asignal has a preferred pulse width of 100 micro-seconds (associated witha frequency of 5,000 Hz).

It is believed this frequency and pulse width best avoid neural recoveryfrom blocking and avoid re-polarization of a nerve. A “short-off” timein the pulse cycle (for example, between cycles or within a cycle) canbe acceptable as long as it is short enough to avoid nervere-polarization. The waveform may be a square, triangular or sinusoidalwaveform or other shape. The higher frequencies of 5,000 Hz or more havebeen found, in porcine studies, to result in more consistent neuralconduction block. Kilgore, et al., “Nerve Conduction Block UtilizingHigh-Frequency Alternating Current”, Medical and Biological Engineeringand Computing, Vol. 24, pp. 394-406 (2004). Applicants have determinedthat a signal amplitude of 0.5 mA to 8 mA is adequate for blocking.However, other amplitudes may suffice.

While a duty cycle can be a predetermined time period, it is currentlypreferred that the duty cycle be less fixed to reduce the likelihood ofpatient accommodation whereby the autonomic (parasympathetic,sympathetic and enteric) and/or the central nervous systems accommodatesfor the loss of signals on the vagus or other nerve. While the periodsof off and on can be stable or random, they can be set at any fixed ornon-fixed sequence (for example, 5 minutes on followed by 5 minutes offrepeated for the duration of the therapy or, alternatively, 5 minutes onfollowed by 10 minutes off as a first cycle with a following cyclemeaning a different set of time—such as 10 minutes on and 2 minutes off,with a non-repeating duty cycle continuing over a 24 hour period). Othersignal attributes can be varied to reduce the likelihood ofaccommodation by the nerve or an organ. These include altering thepower, waveform or pulse width.

II. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, anapparatus is disclosed for applying a signal to a nerve for thetreatment of a disorder. The apparatus includes a first electrode and asecond electrode. Each of the electrodes is adapted to be secured to anerve of a patient. A signal generator is electrically connected to eachof the first and second electrodes. The signal generator is adapted tocreate a signal having a first waveform at the first electrode and asecond waveform at the second electrode. The waveforms have parametersselected to block propagation of neural action potentials. The waveformshave a repeating pattern of cycles of pulses with a delay period betweenat least selected ones of said pulses. In one embodiment, the first andsecond waveforms are out of phase for a cycle of one of the waveforms tooccur during a delay period of the other of the waveforms.

III. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of electrodes on anterior andposterior vagus nerves on an esophagus;

FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing additional anodic electrodeson nerves;

FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 showing the anodic electrodes off ofthe nerves;

FIG. 4 is a graphical presentation of a waveform applied to a nerve withno delay between pulse cycles;

FIG. 5 is a graphical presentation of a waveform applied to a nerve witha delay between pulse cycles;

FIG. 6 is a graphical presentation of waveforms applied to two nerveswith a delay between pulse cycles and with the timing of the waveformsoffset;

FIG. 7 is a graphical presentation of a waveform applied to a nerve witha delay between pulse cycles and with a long period of no signal toillustrate a duty cycle over time;

FIG. 8 is an electrical schematic of an electrode on a nerve showing anidealized arrangement for sensing impulses on the nerve;

FIG. 9 is the view of FIG. 8 showing a practical arrangement for sensingimpulses on the nerve;

FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of a pulse cycle waveform modifiedto illustrate an effect of a capacitance associated with a chargebuildup on the surface of an electrode;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an electrode surface;

FIG. 12 is an end elevation view of the electrode of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an electrode surface modified withnano-particles on the surface;

FIG. 14 is an end elevation view of the electrode of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a circuit schematic view of an electrode on a nerve with anerve pulse detection circuit;

FIG. 16 is the view of FIG. 15 showing two detection circuits on thenerve;

FIG. 17 is a circuit schematic view of the functional equivalent of FIG.16 but with simplified circuitry;

FIG. 18 is a strength-duration curve illustrating a threshold curve foreffective neural blockage;

FIG. 19 is a graph illustrating the cumulative amount of charge appliedto a nerve under various signal parameters;

FIG. 20 is a decision tree to determine nerve capture parameters for aparticular patient; and

FIG. 21 is a decision tree for setting a programmable controller totherapeutic signal parameters.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

With reference now to the various drawing figures in which identicalelements are numbered identically throughout, a description of thepreferred embodiment of the present invention will now be provided. Thepresent invention will be described with reference to placing electrodescontacts on both the anterior and posterior vagus nerves overlying theesophagus between a diaphragm and a stomach of a patient for thetreatment of obesity. It will be appreciated this is a currentlypreferred embodiment and the present invention has wider applications aswill be apparent to those skilled in the art and can be applied to othercranial nerves (such as the vagus) or peripheral nerves.

Further, while the preferred embodiment illustrates application of asignal to block the propagation of action potentials along a nerve, thepresent invention is applicable to signals to stimulate a nerve, inhibitnerve function or only partially block a nerve.

1. Alternative Electrode Configurations

FIGS. 1-3 illustrate alternative applications for applying a neuralconduction block signal to vagus nerves in a preferred embodiment forthe treatment of obesity. Such a signal down-regulates a level of vagalactivity and simulates, at least partially, a vagotomy that isreversible.

In FIGS. 1-3, the posterior vagus nerve PVN and the anterior vagus nerveAVN are shown extending along a length of the esophagus E and generallyon diametrically opposite sides of the esophagus E just below thepatient's diaphragm (not shown).

In each of FIGS. 1-3, a first electrode E₁ is placed on the posteriorvagus nerve PVN. A second electrode E₂ is shown placed on the anteriorvagus nerve AVN. The electrodes E₁, E₂ may be any suitable electrode forapplying an electrical signal to a nerve. The electrodes E₁, E₂ could becuff electrodes, patch electrodes, band electrodes or transluminalelectrodes. The prior art contains numerous examples of electrodes forplacement on nerves and treatments for applying electrical signals tosuch nerves. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,511 to Terry, Jr. datedDec. 25, 1990 teaches an electrode on a helical silicone rubber coil forplacement on a cervical vagus nerve for treatment of epilepsy. Also,U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,089 to Baker, Jr. issued Jun. 1, 1993 teaches anelectrode for placement on a vagus and U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,634 toWeinberg issued Oct. 12, 1993 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,778 to Maschino etal. issued Jul. 2, 1996 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,956 to Maschino et al.issued Jul. 29, 2003 teach vagal electrodes.

Other techniques are known for applying signals directly to a nerve.These include patches placed over the nerve with electrodes on the patchpositioned to overly the nerves. In so-called cuff electrodes, a portionof a nerve is dissected to permit a cuff to completely or partiallyencircle the nerve. An additional optional electrode format is such asthat shown in a product brochure called “ATROSTIM Phrenic NerveStimulator”, AtroTech Oy, P.O. Box 28, Fin-33721, Tampere, Finland (June2004). The ATROSTIM nerve stimulator includes electrodes on oppositesides of PTFE strips for placement on opposite sides of a phrenic nervefor quad-polar stimulation. Another phrenic nerve electrode is sold byAvery Laboratories, Inc., 61 Mall Drive, Commack, N.Y., USA. The use ofthe Avery electrode is described in the website of Avery Laboratories,Inc. at breathingpacemakers.com.

The electrodes E₁, E₂ are connected by conductors to a pulse generatorPG. The pulse generator PG may be a fully implanted unit containing apower source such as batteries or rechargeable batteries, or the like aswell as processing controllers for maintaining a desired wave form andduty cycle on the electrodes E₁, E₂. Also, and as described in theAssignee's earlier described applications, the electrodes E₁, E₂ can beconnected to an implanted antenna for receiving transdermal signals froman external controller transmitted across the patient's skin to theelectrode through radio frequency signals. In this later embodiment, thepulse generator PG includes both implanted and external components.

FIG. 1 shows an arrangement for applying a uni-polar waveform to thenerves PVN, AVN. The current flow path between the electrodes E₁, E₂flows through the esophagus. The arrangement of FIG. 1 is uni-polarmeaning there is only one location on the nerve subject to thetreatment. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the electrical signal is appliedacross the anterior vagus AVN and the posterior vagus PVN at electrodesE₁ and E₂.

FIG. 2 illustrates an alternative embodiment where each of theelectrodes E₁ and E₂ has an associated anode electrode A₁, A₂. The anodeelectrodes A₁, A₂ are shown in FIG. 2 as being applied to the anteriorvagus AVN and the posterior vagus PVN and spaced from electrodes E₁ andE₂. This results in bi-polar pacing (two sites per nerve receiving anelectrical treatment). Unlike FIG. 1, the arrangement of FIG. 2 reduceslikelihood of current flow through the esophagus thereby minimizinglikelihood of patient sensation to the treatment.

FIG. 3 shows electrodes A₁, A₂ placed on other structures in generallyclose proximity (for example, 5 cm) of the primary electrodes E₁, E₂.These electrodes A₁, A₂ could be placed on the stomach, on the esophagusor on other anatomical structures in the general vicinity of theelectrodes E₁, E₂. This results in uni-polar pacing similar to FIG. 1but with the benefit of FIG. 2 in that current flow is not through theesophagus. Further, placement of the anode electrodes on the stomachpermits monitoring of stomach contractions (e.g., by strain receptorsassociated with the anode electrodes) which can be of further benefit aswill be described.

With the arrangement of FIG. 3, the pulse generator PG can be programmedto cancel the effect of the anode electrodes such that even though theanode electrodes are physically present, the effective circuit on theesophagus is that of FIG. 1. This adds greater flexibility to functionof the apparatus as will be described.

In a preferred embodiment for treating obesity, the electrodeconfiguration is that of FIG. 3 with the pulse generator PG programmedto permit functionally shifting to the configuration of FIG. 1. In themode of FIG. 3 (with functioning anode electrode), the current path onthe posterior nerve PVN is between the posterior nerve PVN and the anodeA₁. Similarly, in such mode, the current path on the anterior nerve AVNis between the posterior nerve PVN and the anode A₂. With the apparatusof FIG. 3 in the functional mode of FIG. 1, the current path is betweenthe anterior vagus nerve AVN and the posterior vagus nerve PVN.

2. Nerve-to-Nerve Waveform

a. Continuous Waveform Without Delays Between Pulses

FIG. 4 shows a representative waveform W₁ of a signal applied across theelectrodes E₁, E₂ of the arrangement of FIG. 1 (or in the arrangement ofFIG. 3 controlled by the pulse generator to function in the mode ofFIG. 1) showing current flow to the electrodes. The waveform W₁ is shownas a square waveform having an amplitude A and a pulse duration of D.

In a preferred embodiment, the amplitude A is preferably between 0.5 mAand 8 mA and more preferably about 4-6 mA. The duration D is, in apreferred embodiment, about 100 microseconds for the total cycle time C(i.e., the time between the initial application of the cycle at t₁ andthe end of the cycle t₃) resulting in a frequency for the cycle of 5,000Hz. A 100-microsecond pulse duration D for a 5,000 Hz signal results inno time between pulses where there is no signal. Longer pulse durationscan be associated with lower frequencies. For example, a 200-microsecondpulse duration and a 2500 Hz frequency signal are also effectiveblocking signals. Still lower frequency signals are possible foreffective blocking. However, it is believed a maximum pulse duration of1 millisecond with an associated frequency of 500 Hz represents aneffective maximum pulse duration to avoid nerve recovery in mostpatients. A 200 Hz signal as suggested by Solomonow, et al., may stilleffect a blocking of a nerve.

The cycles of FIG. 4 are continuously repeating without substantialperiods of dead time between cycles. Other than a potential for a fewmicroseconds, there is no substantial period of time between the cycleswhere no current is applied to the electrodes. After some period of time(for example, 5 minutes), at time t_(n), the signal may be stopped sothat there is a period of off time in the duty cycle (for example 10minutes).

b. Continuous Waveform With Delays Between Pulses

FIG. 5 shows an alternative waveform W₂. While similar to the waveformW₁ of FIG. 4, the waveform W₂ of FIG. 5 includes built-in delay periodsDP (for example, the time period between time t₃ and t₄) between eachcycle. By building into the waveform periods DP of no signal, power canbe conserved. Where the duration of the delay period DP is 100microseconds, in FIG. 5, the frequency of the cycle C (less the delayperiod DP) remains 5,000 Hz. Where the delay is 200 microseconds, thefrequency of the cycle C is 2,500 Hz. The time delay DP (i.e., the timebetween t₃ and t₄) is selected to be shorter than a time delay whichwould otherwise permit recovery of the nerve.

3. Nerve to Anodic Electrodes Waveforms

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of waveforms W₃, W₄ of signalsapplied to the electrodes E₁, E₂ in FIG. 3 in the mode of FIG. 3 withanodic electrodes. The upper waveform W₃ is the signal applied toelectrode pairs E₁, A₁ and the lower waveform W₄ illustrates a signalapplied to electrodes E₂, A₂.

Both waveforms W₃, W₄ are structurally identical having common amplitudeA and pulse duration D with the same parameters, in a preferredembodiment, as described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. Also, thestructure of both waveforms W₃, W₄ is similar to that of FIG. 5 in thatthe waveforms W₃, W₄ include a delay period DP between cycles in thewaveforms W₃, W₄. In FIG. 6, the delay periods DP could be eliminatedwith both waveforms then resembling the waveform of FIG. 4.

It will be noted that the two waveforms W₃, W₄ are out of phase suchthat the pulse cycle C of one waveform is timed to be occurring duringthe delay period DP of the other waveform. Further, the delay period DPof a waveform is selected to equal the cycle time C of the otherwaveform (i.e., twice the pulse duration D). This length of delay periodDP is the smallest preferred delay period DP since it results inavoiding an instance where both electrodes E₁, E₂ are energized whichcould result in a direct-current component between the electrodes E₁,E₂. A longer delay period DP could be applied when the delay periodlength is selected so that the two waveforms continue to avoid havingperiods of time where both electrodes E₁, E₂ are receiving a signalsimultaneously. The maximum duration of the delay period DP is selectedto be less than an amount of time which would otherwise permit the nerveto recover from the blocking signal.

The application of anode A₁, A₂ is similar to a so-called VDD lead usedin cardiac pacing. An example of a VDD electrode is the Solox™single-lead VDD electrode of Biotronik GmbH & Co., Woermannkehre 1,D-12359 Berlin, Germany. More information is provided at its websitebiotronik.com. The pacing tip of such electrode in placed in the rightventricle of a heart at the apex and the anode ring resides in the rightventricle.

4. Waveforms with Duty Cycles

FIG. 5 illustrates a waveform with very small delay periods.Substantially longer delay periods can be applied to a treatment. Insuch longer delay periods, a nerve may at least partially recover.

In rat studies performed for the assignee, applicants applied blockingsignals as described to isolated sciatic nerves of rats. After aneffective block was applied and turned off, the nerve recovered in about10 minutes. In this context, recovery means the nerve response to astimulus was substantially the same as a baseline response beforeapplication of the blocking signal. After about 2.5 minutes, the nervehad recovered about 50% of baseline. Also, the duty cycle can be turnedcompletely off for extended period of times. For example, duty cyclecould be applied for a 12-hour period associated with daytime and becontinually off with a 12-hour period associated with the evening orduring sleep hours.

FIG. 7 illustrates a representative duty cycle applied to the waveformof FIG. 5 (i.e., a waveform with built-in small delay periods DP duringwhich the nerve does not recover). It will be appreciated a similar dutycycle can be employed in the waveforms of FIGS. 4 and 6.

In FIG. 7, a plurality of cycles C such as that shown in FIG. 5 areshown in sequence for a duration D₁ of pulse application (either ablocking signal as previously described or a neural stimulation signal).The period of time may be two to five minutes to ensure an effectiveapplication of the signal is applied to a nerve. For application of ablocking signal, an effective application of the signal is estimated asabout one minute and preferably 2 to 5 minutes to ensure the nerve hasbeen treated to block propagation of action potentials along the nerve(as well as achieving desired end-organ response).

Followed by the pulse duration D₁, a period D₂ of no treatment for “off”portion of a duty cycle is shown which may last for 5 to 10 minutesassociated with an estimate for an amount of time for the nerve torecover. After the off period, a sequence can repeat in identicalformat. The times of the pulse signal and the off signal may be variedto avoid nerve accommodation. Also, as previously stated, the duty cyclemay include extended periods of off-time associated with sleeping orother periods during the day. The “off” period of 5 to 10 minutes avoidsnerve accommodation while avoiding complete nerve recovery therebymaintaining therapy efficacy.

5. Programmable Options

As previously noted, the programmable pulse generator PG of FIG. 3 canbe altered so that the electrodes on the nerves AVN, PVN can function asthe functional equivalent of either of FIG. 1 or 3. Further, the pulsegenerator PG permits selection of any of the waveforms described aboveas well as altering pulse duration D, amplitude, delay periods DP andduty cycle.

6. Selection of Waveform Parameters

Effective blocking of neural impulses requires treating the nerve with asignal to prevent the depolarization of the nerve that is associatedwith the conduction of nerve signals (nerve action potentials) past thepoint of application of the blocking signal. As noted in the assignee'searlier applications (referenced above and incorporated by reference),such depolarization can be achieved by a direct current signal. However,such a signal represents a significant burden to a battery. Lowfrequency alternating current signals (e.g., less than 20 Hz) permit thenerve to recover. As a result, such signals are useful for stimulatingtherapies where the nerve is used as a highway for directing thestimulation signal to an organ. Where, as in the present application,the desired therapy is to block the nerve and prevent transmission ofneural impulses along the nerve, a higher frequency maintains the nervein a polarized state. As mentioned above with respect to articles ofSolomonow et al. and Kilgore, et al. such frequencies are in excess of200 Hz and up to 5,000 Hz or more.

Effective blockage of a nerve is a function of both the strength of thesignal applied to the nerve as well as the duration of such application.FIG. 18 illustrates such a relation. The curve of FIG. 18 is taken fromEaston, “The Nerve Impulse Seen From Outside”, Florida State University,Department of Biological Science, July, 2000 available on line athttp://www.bio.fsu.edu/faculty-easton_actionpotential.htm. The verticalaxis of FIG. 18 represents the intensity of a signal applied to a nerve.In FIG. 18, this is represented by voltage but could be represented bycharge or current. The horizontal axis represents the length of timeduring which the signal is applied. The curve represents a thresholdcurve. Below the curve, the nerve does not excite. Above the curve, thenerve excites. For signals having intensity and duration above thecurve, the nerve remains in an excited state and cannot propagate neuralimpulses (i.e., is effectively blocked).

Using, as an example, a 5,000 Hz signal, such a signal will have a pulseduration (D in FIG. 4) of 100 microseconds assuming there is no timedelay between negative and positive pulses. With reference to FIG. 18,such a short pulse duration is associated with a steep-slope portion ofthe threshold curve requiring a fairly high intensity for an effectivesignal. In animal studies, applicants have found that signal intensitiesof 0.5 mA to 8 mA have been effective (recognizing subject-to-subjectvariability).

Since neural blockage is jointly dependent upon the amount of chargeapplied to the nerve and the pulse duration of such application, ablocking therapy can be adjusted for a particular patient. FIG. 19 is agraph illustrating the cumulative amount of charge applied to a nerveunder various signal parameters. In FIG. 19, the duty cycle (asdescribed above) is a five-minute “on” treatment followed by an “off”period (e.g., five to twenty minutes) during which the nerve maypartially recover. The vertical axis is the cumulative amount of chargeapplied to a nerve during one “on” cycle of five minutes. The horizontalaxis is the time point in the “on” cycle. The lines A-I represent thefollowing representative signal parameter options:

-   -   A. 6 mA at 5 kHz    -   B. 5 mA at 5 kHz    -   C. 4 mA at 5 kHz    -   D. 6 mA at 2.5 kHz    -   E. 5 mA at 2.5 kHz    -   F. 4 mA at 2.5 kHz    -   G. 3 mA at 2.5 kHz    -   H. 2 mA at 2.5 kHz    -   I. 1 mA at 2.5 kHz

With the above, a patient being treated for 2.5 minutes at 6 mA at 5 kHz(line A) and who is tolerating the treatment (no associated discomfort)can have the programmable controller programmed to be treated at 5 mA at5 kHz (line B). With the line B treatment, the amount charge applied tothe nerve over the five minute “on” period is the same as the amount ofcharge which the patient tolerated for 2.5 minutes of the line A “on”period.

While only 5 kHz and 2.5 kHz options are illustrated in thisapplication, any of the blocking frequencies over 200 Hz could be used.In the examples that follow, the following terms have the followingmeaning:

-   -   1. Electrode configuration No. 1 means the functional circuit of        FIG. 1 with the waveforms of either FIG. 4 (with a 5 kHz        frequency and a 100 microsecond pulse width and no delay) or        FIG. 5 (with a 2.5 kHz frequency and a 100 microsecond pulse        width and a delay period DP of 200 microseconds).    -   2. Electrode configuration No. 2 means the functional circuit of        FIG. 3 with the waveforms of either FIG. 6 with either signals        on the nerves AVN, PVN being nested (i.e., a delay period on one        nerve coincides with pulses on the other nerve) and with the        following frequency options:        -   1. a 5 kHz frequency with the signal of FIG. 6 having a            pulse width of 100 microseconds and a delay period of 200            microseconds, or        -   2. a 2.5 kHz frequency with the signal of FIG. 6 having a            pulse width of 100 microseconds and a delay period of 400            microseconds.

FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate how the foregoing can be used to treat aparticular patient. FIG. 20 is a decision tree to assess a patient'sresponsiveness to certain key parameters.

In FIG. 20, after placement of the electrodes on the nerves AVN, PVN(step 201), the impedance across the electrodes can be measured toassure electrical coupling with the nerves (step 202). If such testingis done during the surgery, the placement may be altered in response tosuch impedance check.

After such impedance check, an initial stimulation signal can be appliedto the electrodes (step 203). Preferably, the programmable controller isset to electrode configuration No. 1 (defined above). Unlike theblocking therapeutic signal, the stimulation signal is set at a lowenough frequency to result in a signal applied to the electrodes to bepropagated to remote sensing equipment or, more preferably, to an organof the patient which can be monitored to observe a response to thesignal. For example, the stomach can be visually observed to notecontractions in response to an applied stimulation signal.Alternatively, the stomach contractions can be measured electronicallyby sensors on the anodic electrodes placed on the stomach as describedabove. A representative stimulation signal has a frequency of about 12Hz.

The stimulation testing of FIG. 20 is to identify values of keyparameters (e.g., pulse width and amplitude) for with the particularpatient is responsive. These values can then be used in combination witha therapeutic frequency (e.g. over 200 kHz) to treat the patient with ablocking signal. Initially, such parameters can be set at initial targetvalues (e.g., pulse width of 100 microseconds and 2 mA amplitude (asdescribed above for configuration No. 1).

The patient response is observed (step 204). If there is an observedresponse (e.g., a stomach contraction), the responsive values for theparameters are recorded (step 205). If predetermined ranges of valuesfor such parameters remain to be tested (step 206), the parameters arevaried (step 207). For example, amplitude can be increased in value by 1mA increments while holding pulse duration constant or pulse width canbe increased in 100 microsecond increments while holding amplitudeconstant). After a range of values has been tested (e.g., up to amaximum pulse width of 500 microseconds or a maximum amplitude of 6 mA),the patient is sent to post-operative recovery (step 208.

After any suitable period of post-operative recovery (e.g., fourteendays), the programmable controller can be set to a therapeutic signalparameter as illustrated in the decision tree of FIG. 21. Initial signalparameters are set (step 301). The amplitude and pulse width of thetherapeutic signal are preferably selected from those noted asresponsive during the testing of FIG. 20. By way of example, thetherapeutic signal can be set at a pulse width of 100 microseconds andan amplitude of 4 mA. Blocking frequency and pulse width may be thoseexpected to have greatest likelihood of complete blocking of the nerve(e.g., 5000 Hz and 100 microseconds) and “on” time may be selected to beshort-term (e.g., 3 minutes) relative to an anticipated full-term signalapplication (e.g., 5 minutes).

Patient acceptance of the signal is noted (step 302). Acceptance may beany factor but may include pain or discomfort after a short-termapplication of the signal. A short-term discomfort is suggestive ofdiscomfort due to signal flow through the esophagus in the configurationof FIG. 1. Also, amplitude may be a discomfort influencing parameter. Ifpatient acceptance is noted in step 302, parameters may be altered tomove the parameters to a more ideal setting (step 303 and 304). Idealmay mean a more aggressive treatment (e.g., higher amplitude), atreatment which conserves battery power or otherwise improves operation(e,g,. configuration No. 1, altered “on” time, lower frequency atextended “on” time, etc.). If such altered treatment continues to beacceptable (step 305), the parameters are set as the treatmentalgorithm. If not, the parameters can be further altered.

If discomfort is noted (step 302), such parameters may be altered in amanner anticipated to improve comfort (step 307). For example, theelectrode configuration No. 2 may be selected or amplitude may bereduced. Patient acceptance is noted (step 308) and acceptance influenceparameters are further altered until acceptance is noted. Onceacceptance is achieved, remaining parameters are compared to ideal andaltered (steps 309-311) in a manner as described above with reference tosteps 303-305. For example, if the electrode configuration is alteredfrom configuration No. 1 to configuration No. 2 and acceptance is noted,parameters such as amplitude and frequency may be altered as describedabove.

a. Circuit Schematic

U.S. Pat. No. 6,895,278 (the “'278 patent”) to Gordon issued May 17,2005 teaches systems for measuring signals on neuromuscular tissue inthe stomach. The '278 patent is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 8 is an electrical schematic of the electrode such as electrodes E₁on a nerve with the electrode and nerve shown as circuit componentsincluding resistance R_(F) representing a resistance due to fibroustissue which grows following application of the electrode to the nerve.It will be appreciated that circuit models such as FIG. 8 aresimplifications of a complex physiologic contribution to a circuit.

The resistance R_(F) may be large after first placement of the electrodeon the nerve with the resistance reducing in size or magnitude asfibrous growth occurs. Resistance R_(N) represents resistance which is afunction of the size of the electrode in contact with the nerve.Resistance R_(L) represents the trans-membrane resistance associatedwith current leakage through the body of the patient. The capacitance Crepresents a capacitance associated with charge buildup on the surfaceof the electrode throughout the cycle of the signal application (alsoknown as polarization of the nerve).

Measurement of impedance on the electrode represents conductivity withthe nerve since a low impedance suggests an undesired alternativeelectrical pathway exists in the patient. A very high impedance suggestsa broken electrode or other occurrence of non-conductivity.

The circuit of FIG. 8 also includes an amplification circuit AC whichwill be separately described as an alternative embodiment. Numerous suchamplification circuits are known including charge amplification circuitsand trans-impedance amplification circuits.

The amplifier AC amplifies a charge across resistance R_(n) of electrodeE₁. If a amplifier AC is placed across the resistance of R_(n), a changein the charge provides an indication of movement of potassium and sodiumions across the cell membranes of the nerve. This provides evidence ofdepolarization of the nerve.

Accordingly, monitoring of the nerve with a amplifier AC would permitrecognizing that the particular set of signal parameters supplied for aparticular patient are achieving the desired effect of blocking neuralimpulses on the nerve. In response to the presence or absence of adetected desired effect, the signal parameters can be modified for aparticular patient to achieve the desired effect or to minimize powerconsumption.

As a practical matter, an amplifier AC cannot be placed solely on theR_(n) but must be placed across the entire electrode as illustrated withreference to the amplifier AC placed on electrode E₁ in FIG. 9.Unfortunately, very small changes in charge must be measured todemonstrate the efficacy of the particular signal to depolarize thenerve. The sensitivity of a amplifier AC increases as the capacitance Cis decreased. Accordingly, increasing the surface area of the electrode(thereby increasing the capacitance C, decreasing impedance and reducingnoise contribution of the electrode) increases a likelihood of reliabledata being attained with a charge amplifier CA.

b. Capacitance

While the waveforms in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 and 7 are shown as squarewaveforms, it will be appreciated that a true square shape is notachieved in a natural embodiment such as application of electrodes to anerve. FIG. 10 illustrates a truer representation of the shape of thewaveform resulting from the capacitance C associated with charge buildupon the surface of the electrode using a constant current output.

As shown in FIG. 10, the signal is initiated at time T₁. Between timesT₁ and T₂, there is a sloped surface S associated with buildup of chargeon the surface of the electrode. After the charge has achieved a maximumcharge to permit discharge of the capacitance on the electrode (e.g., atT₂) the pulse reverses and a complimentary shaped slope S occurs on thesecond pulse.

The waveform includes a square area component A₁′ and a component A₂′between the square component A₁′ and bounded by the slope S. The squarecomponent A₁′ represents the amount of energy that is being applied tothe nerve by the electrode. The remainder of the area A₂′ representswasted energy which is consumed during the pulse but which is absorbedat the electrode-tissue interface and, therefore, not contributingenergy to the nerve system.

The volume of the wasted energy component A₂′ varies with thecapacitance of the electrode. A small capacitance is associated with alarge electrode surface area illustrated by the solid curve S. A smallelectrode surface area is associated with a larger capacitanceillustrated by the surface area S₁. Therefore, as illustrated in FIG.10, a large electrode surface area results in the smallest amount ofwasted energy.

It is desirable to minimize the amount of wasted energy. Such wasteunnecessarily consumes battery power. Accordingly, the amount of wastedenergy can minimize by maximizing the surface area of the electrode.

FIG. 11 illustrates an electrode E having a contact surface area CSwhich is the product of the length L and the width W of the electrode.It will be appreciated that while the electrode E is shown in FIG. 11 ashaving a flat contact surface CS the electrode E can be curved toincrease the amount of contact area between the electrode E and thenerve on which the electrode is placed. The contact surface CS of theelectrode E in FIGS. 11, 12 is shown as a flat smooth surface which willhave a characteristic capacitance.

FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate a modification to the contact surface wherethe electrode E′ of FIGS. 13 and 14 has identical length and width ofthe electrode E of FIGS. 11 and 12 but has a surface treatment togreatly increase the contact surface CS′ of the electrode E′.

The surface CS′ is formed by nano technology placement ofnano-particles. Since the nano-particles appear on the surface CS′ asbeads having arcuate individual surfaces, the combined surface area isgreatly increased over the flat smooth surface area of FIG. 11.

The surface area CS could be increased by any technique which roughensthe surface CS. However, the spaces between the modules may be filledwith fibrosis which presents a resistance between opposing surfaces.Through use of nano-application of nano-beads, very small separationoccurs. The small separation is so small the surface appears smooth andpresents an atraumatic surface to opposing tissue. The use ofnano-technology to increase a surface area of an electrode to alter itscapacitance is known for cochlear implants

c. Controlling Therapy in Response to Detected Neural Activity

FIG. 15 illustrates detecting neural impulses along the nerve andmodifying an application to an electrode based on the detected impulses.In FIG. 15, the nerve is illustrated as N. A therapy applicationelectrode is illustrated as E and a signal source (such as a pulsegenerator with logic and control circuits) is indicated as PG.

A first detection electrode DE₁ is positioned on the nerve as is asecond detection electrode DE₂. The first detection electrode DE₁ ispositioned between the therapy electrode E and the second detectionelectrode DE₂. The detection electrodes DE₁ and DE₂ are connected to anamplifier placed in close proximity to the electrodes DE₁ and DE₂. Theamplifier has an output connected to the logic of the pulse generatorPG.

Neural impulses are illustrated in FIG. 15 as a first neural impulse NE₁which is propagating in a direction from the therapy electrode E to thefirst detection electrode DE_(I). The direction of travel of the firstpropagation signal NS₁ is labeled A₁. The second neural signal NS₂travels along the nerve in the opposite direction illustrated by arrowA₂.

In the event it is desirable to block neural impulses traveling alongthe direction of arrow A₂, as neural impulses pass electrode DE₂, theypass a signal to the amplifier A. After a very short period of time(representing the time for a neural impulse to travel the distancebetween electrodes DE₂ and DE₁), the pulse NE₂ passes electrode DE₁generating a further impulse which is amplified by the amplifier A. Theoutput from the amplifier A is again sent to the pulse generator whichcan compare the signals indicating that a neural impulse NE₂ istraveling in the direction of arrow A₂. Recognizing such neural activityin the undesired direction, the pulse generator can then energize theelectrode E with a blocking signal selected to block the nerve N andblock the neural impulses from passing the electrode E.

The apparatus of FIG. 15 can also be used to control a blocking signal.Namely, the specific parameters of the blocking signal to the electrodeE can be modified by the pulse generator PG in response to detection ofneural impulses NS_(I) traveling in the direction of arrow A₁. Thepresence of such neural impulses indicates that the blocking signal forthe particular patient is not optimized and the blocking parameters canbe adjusted as desired to optimize the blocking effect at therapeuticelectrode E.

Since neural impulses pass along a nerve at known speeds, preferably,the amplifier A is positioned in very close proximity to the electrodesDE₁ and DE₂ so that the amplifier A can detect the signals and providean amplified signal to the pulse generator in time to present anappropriate blocking signal (or stimulation signal) to the therapeuticelectrode E.

FIG. 16 illustrates two circuits of FIG. 15 placed on a nerve. Theelements of the second circuit are identical to the first with theaddition of an asterisk to distinguish the circuits. Two circuits on anerve permit detection and control on both afferent and efferent nervefibers. FIG. 17 is the functional equivalent of FIG. 16 but withsimplified circuitry. Unlike previously described embodiments whichblock the nerve at all times during application of the blocking signal(and during a neural recovery period), the embodiments of FIGS. 15-17are impulse targeted blocking.

The polarity of the amplified signal provides a determination of thenerve signal. By applying a polarity discriminator, the direction of thesignal can be determined with a single amplifier system and appropriateaction of programmable direction blocking can be taken.

With the foregoing detailed description of the present invention, it hasbeen shown how the objects of the invention have been attained in apreferred manner. Modifications and equivalents of disclosed conceptssuch as those which might readily occur to one skilled in the art, areintended to be included in the scope of the claims which are appendedhereto.

1. An apparatus for applying a signal to a nerve for the treatment of adisorder, said apparatus comprising: a first electrode and a secondelectrode, each adapted to be secured to a vagus nerve of a patient; afirst anode connected to the first electrode and a second anodeconnected to the second electrode; a signal generator electricallyconnected to each of said first and second electrodes; said signalgenerator providing for selection of a first and a second waveform, apulse duration, and a duty cycle comprising an on period and an offperiod; and said signal generator adapted to create the first waveformat the first electrode and the second waveform at said second electrode,wherein each of said first and second waveforms have parameters selectedto block propagation of neural action potentials; wherein the parameterscomprise a duty cycle, wherein said on period comprises a repeatingpattern of cycles of pulses and a delay period between at least selectedones of said cycles of pulses, wherein each cycle of pulses includes atleast a negative pulse and a positive pulse, and wherein said delayperiod is less than a time period identified as sufficient for arecovery of the vagus nerve from a neural block induced by said cycle;and wherein said first and second waveforms are out of phase with eachother such that during each on period a cycle of one of said waveformsoccurs during the delay period of the other of said waveforms.
 2. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein said delay period is at leastequal to a time interval of one complete cycle.
 3. The apparatus ofaccording to claim 1, wherein the delay period of the first waveform isequal to the cycle time of the second waveform.
 4. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein said waveforms have an amplitude between0.5 mA and 8 mA.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidwaveforms have a cycle frequency in excess of 250 Hz.
 6. The apparatusaccording to claim 5, wherein said waveforms have a cycle frequency ofat least 2500 Hz.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the ontime is at least 2 minutes.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 7,wherein the off time is at least 5 minutes.
 9. The apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the total cumulative charge delivered to the nerveduring an on time is at least 0.1000 coulombs.
 10. The apparatusaccording to claim 1 wherein said electrodes include a contact surfacearea enhanced by a surface treatment selected to increase said surfacearea by creating a plurality of protuberances with opposing surfaces ofprotuberances sized to present an atraumatic surface to opposing tissue.11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the surface of theelectrodes is enhanced with nanoparticles.
 12. The apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the first and second anodes are placed on the samevagus nerves as the first and second electrodes respectively.
 13. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and second anodes areplaced on the stomach.
 14. The apparatus according to claim 1, whereinthe first and second electrodes are each placed on the esophagus. 15.The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode isplaced on the anterior vagus nerve and the second electrode is placed onthe posterior vagus nerve.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 1,further comprising a signal amplifier connected across at least one ofsaid electrodes and selected to identify a depolarization of a nerve.17. A method for the treatment of a disorder susceptible todown-regulation of neural activity, said method comprising: placing afirst electrode on said first vagal nerve and a second electrode on saidvagal second nerve; connecting a first anode to the first electrode andplacing the first anode on or near said first vagus nerve at a locationthat differs from the location of the first electrode, and connecting asecond anode to the second electrode and placing the second anode on ornear the second electrode at a location that differs from the secondelectrode; electrically connecting a signal generator to each of saidfirst and second electrodes; said signal generator adapted to create asignal having a first waveform at said first electrode and a secondwaveform at said second electrode, wherein each of said first and secondwaveforms have parameters selected to block propagation of neural actionpotentials; wherein the parameters comprise an “on” period and an “off”period, wherein said “on” period comprises a repeating pattern of cyclesof pulses and a delay period between at least selected ones of saidcycles of pulses, wherein each cycle of pulses includes at least anegative pulse and a positive pulse and wherein said delay period isless than a time period identified as sufficient for a recovery of thevagus nerve from a neural block induced by said cycle; and wherein saidfirst and second waveforms are out of phase with each other such thatduring each “on” period a cycle of one of said waveforms occurs during adelay period of the other of said waveforms; and activating said signalgenerator to apply said waveforms to said first and second nerves. 18.The method according to claim 17, wherein said delay period is at leastequal to a time interval of one complete cycle.
 19. The method ofaccording to claim 17, wherein the delay period of the first waveform isequal to the cycle time of the second waveform.
 20. The method accordingto claim 17, wherein said waveforms have an amplitude between 0.5 mA and8 mA.
 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein said waveforms havea cycle frequency in excess of 250 Hz.
 22. The method according to claim17, wherein the on time is at least 2 minutes.
 23. The method accordingto claim 17, wherein the off time is at least 5 minutes.
 24. The methodaccording to claim 17, wherein the first and second anodes are placed onthe same vagus nerves as the first and second electrodes respectively.25. The method according to claim 17, wherein the first and secondanodes are each placed on the stomach.
 26. The method according to claim17, wherein the first and second electrodes are each placed on theesophagus.
 27. The method according to claim 17, wherein the firstelectrode is placed on the anterior vagus nerve and the second electrodeis placed on the posterior vagus nerve.